Background: Although the frequency of self-medication has been well-documented in the public health literature, but no study has examined the relationship between health literacy and selfmedication yet. This study was aimed to investigating the relationship between health literacy and self-medication in a community-based study.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 924 adults to survey association between health literacy and self-medication among peoples in Ardabil city in 2014 who were selected using a multistage random sampling method. health literacy was measured by the test of functional health literacy in adults and general health status was measured by the 12-item General health Questionnaire, and self-reported self-medication (overall, sedative, antibiotic and herbal) in last 3 months was assessed. All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 18 and a P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The mean age and weight of respondents were 37 years and 74.7 kg, respectively. The prevalence of self-medication was 61.6%, and the percentage of self-administering antibiotics, sedative, and herbal medicines were 40%, 54.4%, and 59.1% in the last 3 months, respectively. Significant relationship was found between of total health literacy and general health status with self-medication. The prevalence of self-medication among participants with poor and very poor self-rated physical and mental health was significantly higher than other participants (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Self-medication had a significant relationship with health literacy and health status. Therefore, the design and implementation of training programs are necessary to increase the perception on the risk of self-medication.

Background: The prevalence of negative act behaviors among medical residents has not yet been assessed in our country. Present study aimed at evaluating the prevalence and impact of negative act behaviors among residents of four academic hospitals in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted on medical residents in two educational hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. An online electronic questionnaire was distributed to all clinical residents in these hospitals via WhatsApp. We used an online electronic four-part questionnaire including demographic data, Negative Act Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R), some questions on negative behaviors causes and effects, and General health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12). Results: In total, 254 completed questionnaires were received, with an overall response rate of 71%. Ninety five percent of participants had experienced negative act behaviors once or more during the last six months, whereas 91% of responders had witnessed negative act behaviors during this time. The most common source of these behaviors were senior residents (73. 8% of those bullied, n=178). There was a significant positive correlation between the GHQ score and the NAQ-R score assays. Conclusion: This study, as the first study on the prevalence of bullying and negative acts in Iranian medical residents, showed that the medical education atmosphere in residency is not optimal. Therefore, there is a need for certain interventions in the medical education environment. We recommend better education of residents and faculty members, strong policy making, situation assessment and feedback regulations as essential steps towards diminishing bullying and negative behaviors in resident training centers.

Background: The prevalence of negative act behaviors among medical residents has not yet been assessed in our country. Present study aimed at evaluating the prevalence and impact of negative act behaviors among residents of four academic hospitals in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted on medical residents in two educational hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. An online electronic questionnaire was distributed to all clinical residents in these hospitals via WhatsApp. We used an online electronic four-part questionnaire including demographic data, Negative Act Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R), some questions on negative behaviors causes and effects, and General health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12). Results: In total, 254 completed questionnaires were received, with an overall response rate of 71%. Ninety five percent of participants had experienced negative act behaviors once or more during the last six months, whereas 91% of responders had witnessed negative act behaviors during this time. The most common source of these behaviors were senior residents (73. 8% of those bullied, n=178). There was a significant positive correlation between the GHQ score and the NAQ-R score assays. Conclusion: This study, as the first study on the prevalence of bullying and negative acts in Iranian medical residents, showed that the medical education atmosphere in residency is not optimal. Therefore, there is a need for certain interventions in the medical education environment. We recommend better education of residents and faculty members, strong policy making, situation assessment and feedback regulations as essential steps towards diminishing bullying and negative behaviors in resident training centers.

Introduction: The elderly need social support to reduce their physical and mental disabilities. Perceived social support is one of the effective factors in the lifestyle of older adults. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between Perceived social support and mental health status among older adults. Materials and Methods: This research is a cross-sectional analytical study. The study data were collected using a Perceived Social Support (PSS) scale and general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). A total of 302 eligible older adults were selected through a random sampling method from primary health centers in the north, south, east, west, and center of Tehran. The inclusion criteria were those community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 60 years and with normal cognitive abilities. The collected data were analyzed using t test, ANOVA, the Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regressions. Results: The Mean± SD age of older adults was 70. 01± 6. 29 years. Their Mean± SD scores of the PSS and GHQ-12 were 130. 95± 16. 05 and 7. 29± 5. 55, respectively. The results showed no significant relationship between demographic variables and PSS. There was a significant inverse correlation between the PSS score and the GHQ-12 score (P= 0. 01, r=-0. 878). The PSS explained 0. 66 of the total variances of “ positively phrased items” of GHQ-12 (adjusted R = 0. 66) and 0. 76 of the total variances of “ negatively phrased items” of GHQ-12 (adjusted R 2 = 0. 76). Conclusion: Our findings showed that the PSS and mental health are at a desirable level in this study, and the PSS is not affected by demographic variables. The PSS is a promoting factor for mental health status among older adults.